ISO 10993.10 Essays - Intradermal Injection, ISO 10993,

ISO 10993.10 The animal intracutaneous (intradermal) reactivity test was conducted to assess whether the test article (PC) could produce irritation following intradermal injection of the extracts of the test article. This study was conducted based on the requirements for the International Organization for Standardization ISO 10993-10:2009 Biological evaluation of medical devices Part 10: Tests for irritation and skin sensitization. The test article was extracted in 0.9% sodium chloride solution (SC) and cottonseed oil (CO). The extract was injected intradermally to three test rabbits in an attempt to induce irritation. 0.2 ml of the extract obtained with the SC or CO at five sites on one side of each rabbit was injected intradermally. Similarly, 0.2 ml of the SC or CO control was injected on five sites of the contra lateral side of each rabbit. Observations for erythema and edema were conducted after injection and at (24 2) h, (48 2) h and (72 2) h after injection. The final test sample score were obtained by subtracting the score of the blank from the test sample score. Under the conditions of this study, there was no evidence of significant irritation or toxicity from the extracts inject to rabbits.

Free Essays on Themes Of The Old Man And The Sea

Themes Themes are the fundamental and often universal ideas explored in a literary work. The Honor in Struggle, Defeat & Death From the very first paragraph, Santiago is characterized as someone struggling against defeat. He has gone eighty-four days without catching a fish- he will soon pass his own record of eighty-seven days. Almost as a reminder of Santiago’s struggle, the sail of his skiff resembles â€Å"the flag of permanent defeat.† But the old man refuses defeat at every turn: he resolves to sail out beyond the other fishermen to where the biggest fish promise to be. He lands the marlin, tying his record of eighty-seven days after a brutal three-day fight, and he continues to ward off sharks from stealing his prey, even though he knows the battle is useless. Because Santiago is pitted against the creatures of the sea, some readers choose to view the tale as a chronicle of man’s battle against the natural world, but the novella is, more accurately, the story of man’s place within nature. Both Santiago and the marlin display qualities of pride, honor, and bravery, and both are subject to the same eternal law: they must kill or be killed. As Santiago reflects when he watches the weary warbler fly toward shore, where it will inevitably meet the hawk, the world is filled with predators, and no living thing can escape the inevitable struggle that will lead to its death. Santiago lives according to his own observation: â€Å"man is not made for defeat . . . [a] man can be destroyed but not defeated.† In Hemingway’s portrait of the world, death is inevitable, but the best men (and animals) will nonetheless refuse to give in to its power. Accordingly, man and fish will struggle to the death, just as hungry sharks will lay waste to an old man’s trophy catch. The novel suggests that it is possible to transcend this natural law. In fact, the very inevitability of destruction creates the terms that allow a worthy ... Free Essays on Themes Of The Old Man And The Sea Free Essays on Themes Of The Old Man And The Sea Themes Themes are the fundamental and often universal ideas explored in a literary work. The Honor in Struggle, Defeat & Death From the very first paragraph, Santiago is characterized as someone struggling against defeat. He has gone eighty-four days without catching a fish- he will soon pass his own record of eighty-seven days. Almost as a reminder of Santiago’s struggle, the sail of his skiff resembles â€Å"the flag of permanent defeat.† But the old man refuses defeat at every turn: he resolves to sail out beyond the other fishermen to where the biggest fish promise to be. He lands the marlin, tying his record of eighty-seven days after a brutal three-day fight, and he continues to ward off sharks from stealing his prey, even though he knows the battle is useless. Because Santiago is pitted against the creatures of the sea, some readers choose to view the tale as a chronicle of man’s battle against the natural world, but the novella is, more accurately, the story of man’s place within nature. Both Santiago and the marlin display qualities of pride, honor, and bravery, and both are subject to the same eternal law: they must kill or be killed. As Santiago reflects when he watches the weary warbler fly toward shore, where it will inevitably meet the hawk, the world is filled with predators, and no living thing can escape the inevitable struggle that will lead to its death. Santiago lives according to his own observation: â€Å"man is not made for defeat . . . [a] man can be destroyed but not defeated.† In Hemingway’s portrait of the world, death is inevitable, but the best men (and animals) will nonetheless refuse to give in to its power. Accordingly, man and fish will struggle to the death, just as hungry sharks will lay waste to an old man’s trophy catch. The novel suggests that it is possible to transcend this natural law. In fact, the very inevitability of destruction creates the terms that allow a worthy ...

ANIMAL WELFARE BOARD OF INDIA V A.NAGARAJA ORS

ANIMAL WELFARE BOARD OF INDIA V A.NAGARAJA & ORS â€Å"Whenever there is a conflict between the customs and the law, there are two outcomes of the conflict. One is where the law changes the custom and society and the other is when the customs and society change the law†. The purpose of making a case commentary on this particular case is due to the after-effects of the postponement of the judgment on the public of south India and to study the relevance and compatibility of the judgment. The paper also aims in providing an alternative Even though I stand by and support several viewpoints of the courts, I still consider it would be better for the court to have gone through a harmonious approach. The judgment was solely based on the exhibits submitted by the councils and the previous. I have briefly explained the obnoxious reactions from the public towards the judgment and the order of the government in this paper. According to my observations, the viewpoint of the government hasn’t been noted enough rather the validation of the Acts and Orders were widely concentrated. The court was being too much stringent on the previous judgment in such a way that it fails to consider the sentimental feelings of the society and the benefits to them thereof. Hence there were certain curable flows on part of the court though the judgment cannot be said has completely irrelevant. India is a country with vast divergence, culture, customs and practices which has a direct influence on the eco-system. Though these customs are sources of law many of the customs cannot be in conformity with the statute. The legislature and judiciary take steps in eradicating such practices from the society. The judgment has proved to be a milestone in the perseverance of culture and the safety of the animals. The issues in consideration of the case include one, challenging the Madras High Court judgment on validating the Tamil Nadu Regulation of Jallikattu Act (hereafter TNRJ Act) and the other, challenging the Bombay High Court Judgement validating the 2011 notification whereby bulls were added in the prohibitory list of performing animals. Jallikattu and Rekla race is represented as a sport for bravery which uses trained bulls and participants. These bulls are subjected to immense cruelty before sending them through the entrance which leads to their violent behavior on the playground. The deaths and injuries during the game show its unhealthy nature. Thus Madras High Court in 2006 banned the practice of Jallikattu and rekla racing, which was upheld by the Supreme Court bench headed by Justice K.S. Radakrishnan in this case. An interim orders were passed by the court since till 2014 permitting both the sports, until the judgement which strictly banned the sports and held that the rights guaranteed under Sections 3 and 11 of Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (hereafter PCA Act) and Articles 51A (g) (h) cannot be curtailed, except for procedures laid down under Sections 22 of PCA Act, and instructed the government to protect and safeguard the freedoms of animals. After the TNRJ Act came into force, the Act was challenged under Art 32 of the constitution. Where the Supreme Court set aside the judgment of the Madras High Court which validated the Amended TNRJ Act, 2009 and held the Act as unconstitutional and violative to PCA Act and upheld the judgment of Bombay High Court which validated the Ministry of Environment and Forest (hereafter MoEF) notification of 2011 including bulls in the list of animals prohibited from being trained. PARTIES: In the initial petition i.e., in the writ of Mandamus filed under Art.226 of Indian Constitution, against Deputy Superintendent of Police of 2006, the parties were 1. Petitioner: K. Muniasamy Thevar, then vice-president of Karisalkulam panchayat for whom L. Shaji Chellan appeared before the court 2. Respondent: Deputy Superintend of Police for whom Government Advocate J. Viswanathan appeared The judgment was held by Madras High court bench headed by Justice R. Banumathi and Pinki Chandra Ghose. Later on, in 2014 in the SLP of Animal welfare board vs. A Nagaraja other (2014) 7 SCC 547 the parties were 1. Petitioner or Appellants: Animal Welfare Board of India (hereafter AWBI) and People for Ethical Treatment for Animals (hereafter PETA). Sunil Kr. Jain, Aneesh Mittal, Sachin Sharma, A.K. Soni, G. Sivabalamurugan, Anis Mohd, L.K. Pandey. Dr. Adish Agarwala appeared. 2. Respondents: A. Nagaraja and other 11 petitions from 2011 to 2014 clubbed together for whom Additional General, A. Mariarputham, Raj Panjwani were the council. In the appealed case, the son of the respondent who was a participant in the game was killed during the game due to sustaining many injuries on his body. Procedural facts: The 2006 and 2014 petition was initially filed in Madras High Court as a writ of Mandamus[2] under Art 226 and in 2007 the division bench consisting of Justices Elipe Dharma Rao and P.P.S. Janarthana Raja reversed the previous judgment against which several SLPs were filed in Supreme Court under Art.136[3], Art 133[4], Art 142[5] and Art. 32[6] and the bench headed by Justice K.S. Radhakrishnan granted the leave. Historical facts: Jallikattu of Tamil Nadu and Bullock cart racing of Maharashtra were being practiced for over 2500 and 450 years respectively. The term Jallikattu refers to silver or gold coins tied on the bulls’ horns. In Tamil Nadu, it is a sport played on the third day of Pongal. On this day a running bull is released into a crowd, where participants either, grab and ride on the bull to stop it, or take the flag attached in the bull’s horn[7]. The bulls which perform well in this game are used for breeding and they fetch a high price in the market. Similarly, rekla race of Maharashtra is organized after Makara Sankaranthi, on Chaitra astami. On this day various cart owners organize bullock cart race where bullock carts run miles and the winning team is rewarded. The roller coaster of the bull games controversy started in the year 2004 with the petition filed by the South Indian Humanitarian League and Blue Cross of India to the Petitions’ Committee of the TN state legislature to ban Jallikattu and other sports using bulls. Though the judgment of the said petitions held by Justice FM Ibrahim Kalifulla permitted the â€Å"sport† with a rider, that the bulls used in the game should be unharmed. In 2006 judgement held by Madras High Court by Justice R. Banumathi and Pinki Chandra Ghose, by expanding the scope on a writ of mandamus[8] filed against a police officer for willful omission in granting permission for the condonations filed by villagers seeking permission for conducting the game by Ramanathapuram Police the court along with dismissing the writ with reference to the 1996 judgement of Panaji Bench, Bombay High Court, banned conducting all games involving harsh training of animals like rekla race, oxen race and jallikattu. This strengthened the then PCA Act, 1960. Whereas in 2007 the division bench[9] consisting of Justices Elipe Dharma Rao and P.P.S. Janarthana Raja took a harmonious construction and enabled regulatory measures to ensure the safety of the animals instead of previous complete restriction, this order was later on overruled by three judges’ bench of Supreme Court. The apex court in 2008 granted permission for conducting rekla race by limiting the race field distance to 15m radius. The Tamil Nadu government then passed TNRJ Act to do away with this judgment, against which AWBI and PETA filed writ petition challenged in the Division Bench Judgment on the basis of PCA Act, MoEF Notification 2011. Another set of SLPs were filed again the Bombay High Court upholding the MoEF Notification 2011 and the corrigendum issued by the Government prohibiting exhibition and training of animal, of which A. Nagaraja father of a participant who died in the course of game and others, and AWBI and other animal welfare organisation working for the protection of the animals were parties, the court held the final judgement to ban both the games stating that these games as violation to S. 5 to S.11 of the PCA Act and fundamental duties, under Art 51A (g) and (h)[10] of the Constitution. Relief: The relief claimed by the parties were to clarify whether 1. the TNRJ Act was in repugnancy and in violation of PCA Act 1960, 2. Jallikatt and rekla race promotes cruelty in the name of culture 3. The Bombay High Court judgment was justified in upholding the 2011 notification of the central government. Arguments: From the judgment, the appellants argued on the basis of physical and mental cruelty faced by the bulls, repugnancy of the Act to PCA Act and many reports, affidavits and photographs from certified authorities, which talks about the animal behavior prior and after the game highlighting the cruelty over bulls during the games. It was also argued that TNRJ Act doesn’t have the effect of a law since the President has not asserted it. Furthermore forcing an animal to take part in such game was against Art.51A (g) and Art. 21[11] in addition to being in violation of S.3 and 11 of PCA Act. Organizers of Jallikattu and rekla race took a standby stating that the game was conducted during the days of the festival which is being practised for years and proper care has been taken by the committee members and the bull owners ensuring its safety and no cruelty as mentioned under S.11(1)(a) is meted out. It was further argued that the presence of collectors, doctors and police officials etc on duty ensures such cruelty doesn’t take place and also requested to regulate the event rather than stopping it. These apprehensions were meet by TNRJ Act. In addition to this, it was argued by the state that non-applicability of tickets for the event excludes them from being a part of S.22 of PCA Act. The matter of previous notifications of MoEF was also discussed with reference to N.R. Nair Others Vs U.O.I[12], where the court formed a committee to discuss the corrigendum of exclusion of dogs from the initial list whereas the same was not done at the present situation. The outcome of the case: The Special Leave petition was granted and the case was disposed of, setting aside the Madras High Court order of upholding the TNRJ Act, holding the Act unconstitutional and void, upheld the Bombay High Court judgment validating 2011 notification whereby bull was included in the list of animals prohibited from being exhibited and trained. Application: The judgement, in this case, strengthened the PCA Act, 1960 and elevated the rights of the animals to that of Art 21 and imposed Art 51 of the constitution as a strict obligation upon the citizens. It also held that spectators would also be hurt, since the requirement of 8 feet high barricades were not emulated and guaranteed rights under S.3 and 11 of PCA Act r/w Art.51A (g) (h) cannot be curtailed, unless as per S. 11(3) and 28 of PCA Act. Also recommended the state and other authorities to take reasonable steps to ensure the protection of the freedoms. The TNRJ Act 2009 was held violative to Art. 254(1). Analysis The judgment starts with a brief summary of the case followed by arguments and the holding. The decision of Supreme Court thought was appropriate there were alternative methods available which could have been much more harmonious in nature. The judgment might have strengthened the animal protection workers and raised the status of the animal right to the level of fundamental rights in the constitution. But it has also lead to public unrest in the state for three days which ended in the passing of an ordinance. The logical reasoning in the judgment was irrational and it was pleaded by the prosecutor that â€Å"if the court can grant permission for slaughtering animals for religious then why not grant permission to conduct a game which doesn’t possess any threat to their life†. Regarding the repugnancy nature of the tnrj act with respect to PCA act, 1960: It has to be noted that Entry 17[13] of List 3 guarantees the right to frame laws on the said subject to both State and Union government. The PCA Act was enacted in 1960 for this purpose. In 2009 the TN State government passed TNRJ Act which was argued to be repugnant to the 1960 Act. This entry indirectly implies that such laws cannot be made which could be hazardous with respect to the purpose of the entry. The evidence submitted by the AWBI and PETA where cruelty on animals are shown cannot be left blind. The animal which is being taken care of so well and trained require an external pressure to force them to behave in such a manner as in the games, which is certainly in direct conflict with the Act. The repugnancy arises only when there is any conflict between both acts and when there is an overlap between the provisions of the Acts. But here the 2009 Act cannot be repugnant to 1960 because the 2009 Act can be viewed as an extension to that of 1960 Act. Although the recent act p ermits the exhibition and training of the animal, prohibited in the 1960 Act. But the Act provides strict regulation over the rules and health of the bulls. With regards to promotion of cruelty: The game is a cruelty not only towards the animals but also towards participants and spectators. The increase in the number of deaths and injured while conducting the game cannot be ignored. The responsibility of State is much wider. Public health being a matter under State list have equal importance as ensuring public interest. Thus the Act which has a direct impact on the health and safety of the public cannot be encouraged. Art 19 (1) (g) has given the right to practice, profess and carry any occupation trade or business and also forbids to force any citizen to practice profession hence the State cannot force the citizen to engage in non-profit trade in the name of Agriculture. Though banning the sports could end the physical and mental torments faced by the bulls it could also affect in the slaughtering of them and leads to their extinction. This is against the Biodiversity Act 2002. The Court laid down the aspects of Article 51-A (g) and (h), Fundamental Duties on the part of the citizens and extended the scope of Art. 21 to the animals. It is indeed a ‘dangerous sport’. Considering the number of people being injured and died and the cruelty and harassment faced. As said by Mahatma Gandhi â€Å"The greatness of a nation and its moral progress can be judged by the way its animals are treated†. Treating an animal with cruelty for its existence doesn’t make an ideal methodology. But instead of banishing regulating is better.

Use of Information technology in education Essay

Use of Information technology in education - Essay Example The paper presents that there are several benefits that can be obtained from the use of Information technology in education presently. Generally, when we talk about IT we simply mean computers together with their networks; however, in this instance, we also mean some other technologies that help in moving information around from one region or place to another. While most academic institutions have their own systems and databases, there is a huge lake of linking these institutions which make it as islands of automation. This is because most of academic institutions often purchase systems to address its internal needs. Consequently, the academic institutions provide physical evidence of our achievements that everyone needs for further study or employment. Many academic institutions have always been in need of economical options for storing and maintaining information that might be essential or critical from a service viewpoint. Virtual vaults and even some other systems of security do not only store essential information but also enable control over the accessibility to such data. Adoption of IT security systems has appeared as the best and safest way as it helps in protecting virtual data from things such as wiping out or even hacking in the case of a technical hitch. However, even though IT has appeared as the best solution to problems that are related to the storage of information, we find that there are some instances that some illegal activities could emerge from these paper-based certificates; the paper is going to conceptualize these problems.... Now, we are going to focus on two illegal activities, which are forgery and identity fraud. 2.1.1 Forgery Forgery is a crime in which someone falsifies something with the intent to deceive. Unfortunately, the technology revolution makes creation of fake paper-based documents easier. In the present world, there are number of sites available on the Internet to issue fake degree certificates. It is a growing trade worldwide in counterfeit university degree certificates and academic transcripts, which in turn creates a potential damage to the universities and employment systems. In May 2004, an audit showed that around 463 employees in the federal government in the US had the fake academic degrees (Murthy, 2011). Forgery is defined in State v. Lutes,38 Wn.2d 475, 479, 230 P.2d 786 (1951), as "... the false making of an instrument, which purports on the face of it to be good and valid for the purposes for which it was created, with a design to defraud any person or persons....".( State v. Goranson,1965) 2.1.2 Identity fraud In some cases, while the paper-based certification is real, there is a potential illegal activity by using the right certification with the fake person. Identity fraud is described as: ‘That someone with malicious intent consciously creates the semblance of an identity that does not belong to him or her, using the identity of someone else or of a non-existing person’ (Koops and Leenes, 2006). Identity fraud could be described functionally: ‘Identity fraud arises when someone takes over a totally fictitious name or adopts the name of another person with or without their consent.’ (Koops and Leenes, 2006). The fraud triangle theory (How fraud is likely to occur) The fraud triangle theory was developed by Cressey (1973), a

Muslims Consider Prophet Muhammad a Religious and Political Role Model Essay

Muslims Consider Prophet Muhammad a Religious and Political Role Model - Essay Example n-Arab, nor does a non-Arab have any superiority over an Arab; also a white has no superiority over a black, nor does a black have any superiority over a white except by piety and good action.† The Prophet of Allah was able to establish laws that protected animals, trees and environment. On the other hand, he encouraged trade and ethical investments and secured the workers’ rights. This is why we take Muhammad as our religious role model. With regard to politics, Prophet Muhammad is regarded as a role model because of various reasons. One of the reasons is that he married numerous wives on the basis of humanitarian reasons. Prophet Muhammad is well known for the Jihad which translates to struggle in the way of Allah. The Prophet of Allah believes that we as Muslims should struggle in the ways of Allah both within ourselves and externally. The prophet of God is against anyone who stands against Islam and therefore those opposing the struggle for Allah and oppressing Islam should be persecuted. As Muslims we regard this as holy war. This is also another reason why we take Muhammad as our political role model. He convinced people to leave alcohol, prostitution, crime, drugs and He promoted healthy living (Patricia Crone Pg

Teen Suicide Essay Example for Free

Teen Suicide Essay Over the last 15 years teen suicide has significantly increased in the United States due to cyber bullying. Teen suicide in the United States has been relatively high in the 15 to 24 age group with 4,000 suicides since 2004. Teen suicide is the 3 leading cause of death in the United States. Teenagers tend to commit suicide after large changes, significant losses, or abuse has occurred in their lives. An important change in a relationship, bulling in school or cyber , body image may contribute to a teenagers tendency to commit suicide. The death of a loved one, the loss of a valued relationship, and the loss of self-esteem are some significant losses, which might be a factor in teen suicidePerceived abuse such as physical, emotional, psychological, sexual, social abuse or neglect can lead to suicide. Suicide can also be lead on by severe depression, getting peer pressured to do something, and even schizophrenia. The following paraghphs will explain teen suicide. A close investigation of teen suicide in the United States will make it clear the reasons why teen suicide occurs at a time when all teen suicide are preventable. Our nations has increased stress on teen and their families. There is now exteme violence amongs teenagers, severe depression,drug,alcohol,teen pregnancy and its obvious that the youth and teens are growing up with hidden anger and self-destructive impasses (Buliding a Better Self Image). Teen suicide in the United States had been relatively high in the fifteen to twenty-four age group with four-thousand suicides since 2004. Teen suicide is the third leading cause of death in the Unitied States. Federal statistics say the surge in suicide among the nations youths is fueled by exceptional increase in such deaths in certain populations. The suicide rate among 10-To-14-year olds have doubles in the past few decades. African American teenagers are now more than twice as likely to kill themselves as they were just 20 years old. It has been found that nearly 700,000 American high school students annually who attempted to kill themselves and millions that are contemplating on doing it ( Many Factors Contribute to Teen Suicide ). Approximately 10 percent of high school students suffer from depression. For many teens the mental pain of depression is so overwhelming that they believe the only way to except it is to commit suicide. One out of every ten high school students can be diagnosed with depression. Many professionals, friends, family down play or over look the signs of depression and they dont realize it till its too late. The mental pain of depression is all-consuming and its impossible to take any type of pleasure in anything you do , youre not satisfied with your life and everything becomes unimportant. They become isolated and think that that are worthless and just a waste of space. They start to become antisocial or have deliquent behavior or may become very hostile to the people that are close to them. That makes life seem the only way to get away from the mental pain of depression is suicide. When there are talks about suicidal gestures a lot of people think of it as someone trying to seek attention, but really they are asking for help and for someo e to hear their story. Some suicidal gestures are self-harming,taking a nonleathal number of pills, or every waving a firearms around in front of people. Teens that do this are waving red flags, in a way as suck it shows that the teen is not ready to die yet its just simply a cry for help. Amy substantial catastrophe that can be related to depression regardless of how it may manifest should be viewed as a statement about the life of a teen or anyone. All the stress that this person is going through or societys response to their behavior. American Acadamy of Pediatrics national conference in New Orleans Found a clear relationship between cyber bulling and suicide. In the study , researchers collected data about youth suicide from the Internet , including information about the demorgraphics of the individuals involved. Of the 41sucide cases they identified , researchers found that 78 percent of the people involved had been victims of bullying at school and online. Less than 20 percent were targeted solely online. The study concludes that cyber bullying is only one of many issues involved in youth suicide. One of the reasons that social media has been getting so much attention in recent weeks is that it can make it much easier to engage in bullying behavior and more difficult for young people to escape or avoid the abuse Tragic deaths have brawn public attention to the problem of cyber bulling. On October 17,2006, In dardenne prairie, Missouri, 13 year old Megan Meier hanged herself after receiving cruel mssages from a boy she befriended on a social network. In reality the messages where a hoax and came from Lori Drew. The mother of a friend of Megan. On September 22,2010, Tyler Clementi, an 18 year old freshman at Rutgers University , jumped to his death off the George Washington Bridge after his roommate , Dharun Ravi and a fellow dorm mate , Molly We, used a hidden webcam transmit images of Clementi having a gay encounter. On January 13,2010, 15 year old Phoebe Prince , who had recently moved to south Hadley, Massachusetts, from Ireland, hanged herself after high school classmates harasses her Facebook, in text messages , and at school calling her an Irosh whore and Irish slut . Experts have found strong links between bulling and suicide. Bullying victims are nearly twice as likely to have attempted suicide compared to those who were not bulling victims. However, they caution, it is unlikely that experience with cyber bullying by its self leads to youth suicide. Rather it tends to exacerbate instability and hopelessness in the minds of adolescent already struggling with stressful life circumstances. In a slate article, What Really Happened to Phoebe Prince? journalist Emily Bazelon claims , The whole story is a lot more complicated that anyone has publicly allowed for. The events led to Phoeboes death show how hard it is for kids, parents,and schools to cope with bullying, especially when the victim is psychological vulnerable . ( Introduction to Cyber Bullying : At Issue page1 ) The study found that bullying was only one risk factors for suicidal thoughts. Young people who have been sexually assaulted in the past year were 3. 4 times more likely to have suicidal ideation , while those who expericenced maltreatment by a parent or caregiver were 4. 4 times more likely to have suicidal thoughts

The Factors Leading to Harry’s Demise in O’Connor’s The River :: O’Connor The RiverÂÂ

The Factors Leading to Harry’s Demise in O’Connor’s The River  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In O’Connor’s story The River a young boy takes his own life in order to travel to the Kingdom of Christ. The boy lacks structure in his life, is neglected, and is bored. He lives with his parents in an apartment in a "city that rose like a cluster of warts on the side of the mountain". (P.35) There is not one particular incident that leads him to "baptise himself" (p.45), but a conglomeration of many. From his apartment and his parents, to his treatment as an adult, the only place in which he can find sanctuary is in the River of Christ’s blood. His new faith paired with his longing for acceptance is what will ultimately led to Harry Ashfield’s demise. Descriptions of the apartment throughout the story introduce the reader to the world in which this young boy lived in. In the beginning of the story the reader is told of how the apartment’s air is stale with the smell of smoke. It is so bad that Mrs. Connin tells Harry that she will not be able to visit him in the apartment if she has to "smell those dead cigarette butts long". (p. 24) Yet another "flaw" Mrs. Connin addressed in the apartment is the picture on the wall. It is full of "black lines crossing into broken planes of violent color". (p. 24) The abstract picture in the apartment is symbolic of the life that Harry lead. He lives in a chaotic world without much guidance or many rules. Harry’s life up to the point of meeting Mrs. Connin lacks structure. The very fact that the family lives in an apartment rather than a house represents a lack of permanence. There is no commitment when living in an apartment. There is no mortgage to pay or yard to tend to. Because Harry had lived in this world of concrete for probably all of his life he has never really experienced nature. Nature represents permanence in a world that is anything but. When he was walking with Mrs. Connin down to the river, he walks through the paths as if he’s "never been in the woods before". (p.32) Nature is preferable to an urban setting and a character that is not one with nature can be seen as lacking. This lacking is visible in Harry throughout the story. The Factors Leading to Harry’s Demise in O’Connor’s The River :: O’Connor The River   The Factors Leading to Harry’s Demise in O’Connor’s The River  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In O’Connor’s story The River a young boy takes his own life in order to travel to the Kingdom of Christ. The boy lacks structure in his life, is neglected, and is bored. He lives with his parents in an apartment in a "city that rose like a cluster of warts on the side of the mountain". (P.35) There is not one particular incident that leads him to "baptise himself" (p.45), but a conglomeration of many. From his apartment and his parents, to his treatment as an adult, the only place in which he can find sanctuary is in the River of Christ’s blood. His new faith paired with his longing for acceptance is what will ultimately led to Harry Ashfield’s demise. Descriptions of the apartment throughout the story introduce the reader to the world in which this young boy lived in. In the beginning of the story the reader is told of how the apartment’s air is stale with the smell of smoke. It is so bad that Mrs. Connin tells Harry that she will not be able to visit him in the apartment if she has to "smell those dead cigarette butts long". (p. 24) Yet another "flaw" Mrs. Connin addressed in the apartment is the picture on the wall. It is full of "black lines crossing into broken planes of violent color". (p. 24) The abstract picture in the apartment is symbolic of the life that Harry lead. He lives in a chaotic world without much guidance or many rules. Harry’s life up to the point of meeting Mrs. Connin lacks structure. The very fact that the family lives in an apartment rather than a house represents a lack of permanence. There is no commitment when living in an apartment. There is no mortgage to pay or yard to tend to. Because Harry had lived in this world of concrete for probably all of his life he has never really experienced nature. Nature represents permanence in a world that is anything but. When he was walking with Mrs. Connin down to the river, he walks through the paths as if he’s "never been in the woods before". (p.32) Nature is preferable to an urban setting and a character that is not one with nature can be seen as lacking. This lacking is visible in Harry throughout the story.

Family Systems Intervention

Family Systems Interventions Intervention skills: Facilitating family change Change skills 1. Break maladaptive interaction patterns 2. Clarity problematic consequences 3. Alter affective blocks 4. Initiate cognitive restructuring 5. Implement new adaptive patterns 6. Mobilize external resources as required Break Maladaptive Patterns †¢ Intervene to control maladaptive patterns by restructuring family interaction verbally or physically †¢When appropriate, facilitate the adaptive expression of anger of one family member in order to block the recurrent problematic behavior of anotherClarify problematic consequences †¢Confront family members on the problematic consequences of their own behaviors †¢Provide verbal or nonverbal support before and after direct confrontation whenever possible Alter Affective Blocks †¢Convey the importance of expressing and clarifying affective experience in order to better comprehend the maintenance of overt behavior patterns. †¢Remove inappropriate affective blocks by encouraging open discussion of the emotional turmoil of family members; validate their experience, clarify the content, and provide support Initiate Cognitive Restructuring Call into question collective beliefs, values, or goals that appear to be problematic and initiate open discussion and reevaluation of relevant issues. †¢To prevent new affect from blocking further progress, encourage the expression and discharge of emotion (especially through laughing or crying) while modifying a previous cognitive set. †¢Provide appropriate new information or a reformulation as required to develop more adaptive comprehension †¢Encourage family members to consider new ideas further and to continue to discuss specific issues at home in order to reach a reality-based consensus.Implement New Adaptive Patterns †¢Using behavioral principles, apply social reinforcements to strengthen appropriate behaviors at any ti me during the sessions an d encourage family members to do the same. †¢Elicit family member’s willingness to be receptive to suggestions and invite specific behavioral suggestion from other family members (or offer some). †¢Coach the family in implementing changes that are compatible with appropriate development tasks for the whole family as well as individual family members. Introduce adaptive changes in behavior during the interview by redirecting interaction patterns and altering spatial and seating arrangements to rearrange subsystems. Mobilize External Resources as Required †¢Openly admit to lack of progress as explore possible inhibiting factors both inside and outside the family. Effective Assessment and Intervention First, workers must develop an attitude that values the potential of families to change.Assessment and mobilization of family strengths should focus on the positives related to many areas, including †¢Family relationships: caring for members, gender roles that a re respected and valued, parental-child relationships based on the best of the child, physical and emotional self-care, the presence of positive family events and successes, supportive couple relationships, family history of previous successes in conflict management, a strong family identity †¢Individual family member skills: cognitive and intellectual abilities, a positive attitude, competent parenting, positive role-modeling, ability to build and access supportive social environments †¢Personal qualities: motivation, goal directedness, self-esteem and competence, an ability to laugh at oneself, inner strengths and resources, strong relational, abilities, nondefensiveness, willingness to work on issues despite challenges †¢Availability of community resources: friends and caring other outside the family, supportive relatives, health care, education, recreation, spiritual community, social services, the skills to navigate in these community resources †¢Seeing and learning: the ability to recognize difficult life experiences and to learn from these experiences Key Strategies in working with strengths †¢ The strength’s perspective capitalizes on the power and will of the family to self-correct with the help of appropriate environmental supports. †¢Words have the power to build up or tear done discourage or encourage. Pathology-based words darken the vista by imposing problems while strength-based words impose solutions and hope. Use a dictionary of helping, a dictionary that includes the use of such words as empowerment, skills, hope, support, ability, and knowledge Assessment and intervention will be more effective if the family social worker keeps the following considerations in mind: †¢Be keenly attuned to culture and adhere to culturally sensitive practices †¢Focus on family needs †¢Respect client autonomy †¢Avoid fostering unnecessary dependency †¢Reassess and re-interpret client resistance as avo idance of pain †¢Keep healthy professional boundaries while remaining emotionally available Culturally Sensitive Practice †¢ We advocate for cultural competence for all workers-competence that avoids the application of stereotypical checklists to families from minority cultures. Suggesting that a single program model or intervention can meet the needs of all cultural families risks stereotyping an reducing each culture to a single entity. †¢Not all members of a cultural group are connected in the same way to their cultural heritage placater †¢Some groups will have blended traditional and nontraditional practices in their daily living. †¢Acculturation can be seen as a mosaic, blending traditional native ways with dominant cultural ways. Five program structures that can be incorporated into family social worker in order to work appropriately with families from different cultures. 1. Workers must have a sincere interest in learning and accepting different cultu res. 2. Workers can learn to challenge their ethnocentric beliefs as a n integral part of family social work. 3.Family social workers can be open to collaboration with traditional cultural healers and leaders and support family choices about traditional sources of help that parallel, supplement, or replace interventions that are more common. 4. Family social workers should be familiar with and be prepared ti use existing client support systems, following the appropriate cultural protocols. 5. The intervention skills used by family social workers can adapted to specific cultures 6. Family social workers can seek specific cultural knowledge, which includes awareness of communication patterns, worldviews, belief systems, and values 7. Knowing how to gain entrance into a cultural community is important if a worker were to access culturally appropriate resources for a family.Reassess Clients’ Resistance Resistance may be a message from the client that the family social worker is o verstepping the boundaries of the relationship. Resistance can also signal that the issues being discussed are sensitive to the client. Set Realistic Expectations A sixth guideline for family social workers is to foster families’ feelings of competence, rather than inadequacy. Hepworth and Larsen (1993) list the following ecological interventions that family social workers can perform for families: †¢Supplementing resources in the home environment †¢Developing and enhancing support systems †¢Moving and enhancing support systems †¢Moving clients to a new environment Increasing the responsiveness of organizations to people’s needs †¢Enhancing interactions between organizations and institutions †¢Improving institutional environments †¢Developing new resources The way a problem is defined often depends on †¢How the family initially defines the problem †¢The theoretical perspective the family social worker uses †¢The mandate of the agency and how the agency views problems. For example, some agencies embrace solution-focused counseling and define problems to fit theory †¢How the problem is defined jointly between the family and worker in a way that both feel offers the most opportunities to create positive change. Unique ways of viewing a problem 1.A traditional analytic view is that symptomatic person in the problem. 2. The social systems assumption is that the family is the problem – problems evolving from relationship patterns within the family 3. The attempted solution is the problem. This is an interesting view that could be simplified by saying, â€Å"if what you are doing does not work, stop doing it and try something different! † Circular Patters †¢ The term patterns mean that the same behavior happens repeatedly and becomes predictable. †¢When a family is mired in problems, it may be because their repetitive patterns have produced gridlock without providing an adequ ate response to the issue at hand.In this way, the solution becomes the problem. Because the patterns are habits, family members feel secure in the stability they provide. The habitual patterns might be hurtful to individuals and harmful to the family system, but because family members are unaware of or unskilled in other ways of responding, they are unable to change, and the family is described as being stuck. †¢A pattern is a circular sequence of communication that occurs three times. †¢Alternatively, the worker may set the stage to encourage family members to play out their usual family patterns. ? 1. Clarify with the family these patterns, pointing out the relationship between affect, or feelings, and behavior.For example, father scolds child, child feels hurt, child pouts, father feels frustrated, father scolds, and around and around the pattern goes. It is helpful for a family to see how they go around in theses maladaptive circles. 2. When this is done, help clarify any family rules or myths that perpetuate these patterns, for example, a myth that the only way a child will listen to a parent is when the parent yells at the child. 3. When clarifying a circular pattern with a family, it is necessary to explore underlying feelings and any additional behaviors. 4. Point out evidence of emotional distress and get members to label specific feelings. When feelings are out in the open.Particularly fears and hurts, they can be directly faced 5. Encourage the family to provide each member with reassurance and support 6. Help the family develop understanding of each other by bringing their circular patterns out in the open and including underlying feelings. 7. After the dysfunctional patterns have been identified, the worker should then get the family to think of helpful adaptive patterns to deal with problem situations. 8. Help the family negotiate simultaneous change 9. Reinforce family member’s constructive suggestions 10. Coach family members in trying out new adaptive behaviors and assign realistic tasks explicitly as homework.Lineal Circular, strategic and reflexive question †¢Lineal questions ask for basic information and assume a cause-and –effect sequence. †¢Circular questions, on the other hand, are based on circular causality and the connections among family members. Circular questions help the family social worker to learn about ongoing patterns of family interaction and the effects that family members’ behaviors have on one another. †¢Circular questions are intended to create change, whereas lineal questions are intended to draw out information. †¢Strategic questions are directed at change, on the basis of the family social worker’s assessment of the situation.The underlying intent of strategic questions is to correct behavior. †¢Reflexive questions ask clients to become self-observers. Detriangulation Detriangulation involves developing strategies through which the family worker disrupts one triangle and opens up the family members to new, more functional alliances or triangles. Four possible methods of detriangulation are available for the family social worker. 1. One way of detriangulatiojn is to point the triangle out to the three people. 2. Another method of detriangulation is ensuring that family members interact as dyads. 3. Another method is through reversal, or getting one person in the triangle to do the opposite of the pattern. 4.Detriangulation also can occur by shifting alliances that is who does what with whom. If the mother is always the one trying to get a child to comply with a command, change can be accomplished by having the father gain the child’s compliance. Working with Involuntary clients Clients usually look for on of two outcomes from family social work. Some just want to eliminate the pain created by the problem, and in the process want to be nurtured. These clients may be satisfied once the initial stress has b een alleviated, and they may avoid making difficult or lasting changes. Other clients want to change their lives in concrete ways. They are willing to work hard to achieve needed changes in their lives.These are the most rewarding clients for family social workers. Many involuntary clients are precontemplators. In other words, they do not believe they have a problem. Others may acknowledge they have a problem but are not prepared to work on it. Families need to know that participating in family social work is their choice. The family social worker should emphasize that freedom from unwanted agency intervention will occur when the conditions of the court order or contracted work are met. Work with involuntary clients begins by finding out what it is like for them to be ordered into family work. This question is one way of showing empathy and starting where the client is.When clients are court ordered, they should be informed that some conditions of the work are not negotiable and the y need to understand the specific conditions for termination. When clients do not want work, the family social worker can print out that the family has a right not to participate but that nonparticipation involves some consequences. Motivation is the flip side of resistance. Direct confrontation about responsibility for problems during the assessment phase is likely to produce defensiveness rather that lead to change. Instead, using empathy and rolling with resistance might be most productive. The single most important skill for working with family resistance is being able to identify when it may be counterproductive to push an issue with the family.

Internet Tools at Dirt Bikes Essay

Internet Tools at Dirt Bikes Teresa Brennan July 10, 2010 IT/205 Gelonda Martin In business today it is a necessity for communication channels to be as efficient as possible. Dirt Bikes’ current means of communication is antiquated and without further investment in technology, will stunt the operations and growth of the organization. A complete overhaul of the IT infrastructure is recommended. Although there are significant costs associated with implementing a new system, the pay-off would be in the increased sales and customer satisfaction, thereby the system upgrade would become a revenue generator. The success of Dirt Bikes new IT implementation would facilitate quick access to the internet and market information which the company will use to make strategic decisions. A computer network connects two or more computers so employees can work together sharing data across computers. The infrastructure of the network would make data available to view in all departments. Dirt Bikes would to set up a wide area network (WAN) for the business to operate across global areas. The ability to communicate anywhere anytime would allow the company to respond immediately to customer needs, order rocessing, and part suppliers saving time and money by keeping up with current inventory. Connecting the WAN allows employees to send and receive important information from anywhere globally via PDAs or laptop devices and provide almost instant responses to management, customers, vendors and other areas where efficient and immediate communication is preferred such as monitoring global industry trends happening 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Dirt Bikes offices would offer Wi-Fi hotspots that would enable employees to access PDAs and laptops from anywhere within the building. Employees could move around from floor to floor and office to office and still be connected to incoming messages and requests from suppliers, customers and colleagues and respond without leaving their current location. Employees have more control over managing their time when they are able to conduct business from remote locations. They will also have a greater sense of empowerment, learning and freedom from accessing an intranet and internet through a Wi-Fi connection. There is a certain freedom in being able to conduct efficient business from multiple locations, and with the 36 network available through nternet providers, the possibilities to connect anywhere are endless. Dirt Bikes’ employees ultimately benefit from reduced stress from higher efficiency and more flexibility in work environment. According to an article by Bradley Mitchell, wireless gear costs a bit more than the wired Ethernet products (About. com. 2010). The equipment needed for wireless can cost nearly three times as much depending on wireless signal 802. 11b and 802. 1 lg. The 802. 11b products have dropped in price with the release of 802. 1 lg, which can lead to cost savings in a signal choice. Of course there is a possibi t signal interterence witn wireless LANS, but are more convenient for businesses with outside salespersons and the efficiency of direct communication. The network would house a closed Intranet with employee access for any information necessary to conduct Dirt Bikes business on a daily basis. The Intranet would become the improved means of communication between employees and their designated departments and have all the company’s resources and documents cataloged. Employees could access company information and Human Resources documents online instead of placing calls to the department and otentially interrupting fellow co-workers from current projects. By recording documents, solutions and general information about vendors, distributors, customers and even market conditions, Dirt Bikes can begin to build a sophisticated network of knowledge that makes future business more reliable, highly accurate and efficient. An intranet would allow Dirt Bikes to reduce overhead in parts storage costs by reducing the number of stocked parts through rapid communication of parts ordered and available. In the near future, the goal would be to have Dirt Bikes implement a RFID tags on incoming manufacturing parts. Production teams would have more time to complete order processing if they did not have to manually log incoming stock into the warehouses. A significant savings would result from reduced overhead costs for storage warehouses and the employees to stock and maintain them. Dirt Bikes’ customers would enjoy the majority of the benefits of implementing a new IT infrastructure. Employees will no longer have to rely on placing several phone calls to gather information before providing customer solutions; they would provide immediate attention and problem-solving utilizing the data at their fingertips. The result is a better customer experience because sales and service staff are able to communicate accurate information to customers. Marketing knows the customer’s past orders which helps to anticipate future repeat business and forecasting. Overall, there would be an anticipation that repeat customer business would increase substantially within one year. Web 2. 0 solutions could be implemented to help monitor the motorcycle industry. Dirt Bikes’ market researchers could access information about competitors and house it on the Intranet for sales and marketing teams to evaluate. Those same researchers could request RSS feeds from multiple blogs relevant to the motorcycle industry thereby gaining pertinent real-time industry knowledge. Dirt Bikes could set up a type of live chat line for potential customers to discuss and get answers on products and services. This type of service would improve sales by improving customer service with repeat sales and attracting new buyers. I would set up a platform for voice over internet protocol (VoIP). Using a microphone and speakers Dirt Bikes can have conference calls from any office without rewiring or reconfiguring the network. According to the text written by K. Lauden and J. Lauden, there are costs up front but in the long run will save the company 20-30% by eliminating outside telephone services (2009). VoIP can also carry the company’s voice mail and e-mail services. In conclusion, these changes I have proposed to Dirt Bikes will benefit the employees with increased sales due to better communication between departments, vendors and the customer. Having data updated every time a transaction occurs provides better production and efficiency for the company because the rapid flow of information keeps inventory

Cox Surname Meaning and Origin

Cox Surname Meaning and Origin There are several possible origins or meanings for the last name Cox. Options include: Form of COCK (little), a term of endearment (i.e. WILLCOX, little Will), often used to denote a leader or chief man.Possibly originated from the Welsh word coch, meaning red.Cox could also be a locality descriptive surname for heap, haycock, or hillcock. Last Name Statistics Old and common last names are often difficult to define, research, or trace. Cox is the 78th most popular surname in the United States. Cox is also popular in England, coming in as the 52nd most common surname. Origin: English, French, Welsh, and/or IrishAlternate Spellings: Cocks Genealogy Resources Genealogy Forum: Search this popular genealogy forum for the Cox surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Cox query.RootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Cox surname.FamilySearch hosts records, queries, and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Cox surname and its variations. Resources and Further Reading Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004.Cottle, Basil. The Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Penguin, 1967.Hanks, Patrick, and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University, 1989.Hanks, Patrick, editor. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University, 2003.Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German-Jewish Surnames. Bilingual ed., Avotaynu, 2005.Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical, 1997.

Recruitment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Recruitment - Essay Example The labor market conditions determine a number a factors that will affect our recruitment plan. The demand and supply of labor will determine the market mechanism. The equilibrium of the demand and supply of labor will determine the wages or salaries. Besides this, other factors that could affect our recruitment plan include government regulations in the market. These regulations could be a minimum wage set by the government or could also be other regulations regarding the number of employees that can be employed etc. According to research carried out by the Human resource department of Eatwell, the skilled labor present in the region we plan on opening our next branch does not belong to any sort of trade unions. This is an advantage for us because no trade union means that the labor will not be strong enough to influence our decisions. However, a throughout England, there is a minimum wage law set by the government and we will have to consider this before deciding on wages for our u nskilled labor. Secondly, since there are not many superstores in the area where the new branch is being opened, we have many opportunities that we can make use of. The labor over there does not have much choice, giving us an advantage of excess labor supply. This will allow us to choose the best possible employees for Eatwell from a wide range of labor supply. In order to calculate the number of vacant jobs in our new superstore, we will need to consider a number of aspects. First of all, we will consider the number of employees in the other branches and compare it with the branch's size. This will give us an estimate of the amount of vacancies available for our new branch. Then we will consult various departments and ask them their requirements of employees. These requirements will also be considered and formal job descriptions will be developed for each job identified. These job descriptions will be useful later on in the recruitment process when the jobs will be advertised. Another aspect that needs to be considered is hiring the number of recruits which will most profitable for the firm. Too many employees hired could result in diseconomies of scales while fewer employees than required mean lower output. This is how the exact number of available jobs will be identified and employees will be recruited accordingly. In order to be efficient, a firm needs to be flexible. Atkinson gave a flexible firm model in 1984 according to which flexibility in an organization depends on workers of two kinds, the core workforce and peripheral workforce. The core workforce consists of those employees that are regular and permanent. The organization has a standard contract with them. On the other hand, the peripheral workforce consists of those workers which are semi-permanent. They are hired when they are required and fired when the work is done. They are also called just-in-time workforce and disposable workforce. The peripheral workforce is actually what makes a firm flexible. The firm can hire a worker whenever the need arises and dismiss him as soon as there is no more need. This model will give Eatwell a competitive advantage over rest of the supermarkets in the market. This practice allows a firm's average cost to decrease and the efficiency to increase. This model can be applied to our recruitment plan a s well. All the low paid and low skills jobs will be included in the peripheral wo

Special Needs Rule Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Special Needs Rule - Essay Example In the case of a student who requires to be searched, the authority directly involved is the school officials, and therefore should be directly involved in the search. A clear example is the case, New Jersey v.TLO, and in this case, the Supreme Court ruled that searches that do not have probable causes can only be legal if they are done by the school authority. School setting is always a special setting, and the allowed officials are the school authorities. However, the presence of the police is welcome, but has to be regulated. As posited in the case, New Jersey v. TLO, the setting of a school may require modification especially in terms of suspicion or suspecting. The police cannot just move in to make unwarranted searches, rather, the school officials should be the one to be used. After the suspicion is confirmed, then, the law would take its course, and this time it would be implemented by the police. According to Gardner & Anderson (2009), the move to control searchers due to individualized reasons is to avoid seizures without deeply based suspicion. There is always a high need to differentiate an emergent issue in terms of searches and searches within special situations. Emergent searches are only when in the confines of police administration or not in a confine of a special situation. Special searches have to be